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⁴⁶Greenough CG and Fraser RD (1994) Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Eur Spine J 3:22.

⁴⁷ Greenough CG and Fraser RD (1994) Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Eur Spine J 3:22.

⁴⁸ Greenough studied recovery from low back pain in 1-5 year follow-up of 287 injury-related cases using The Oswestry disability scale, The Waddell disability scale, The Waddell physical impairment rating and also a new scale – The low back outcome scale. They found that the diagnosis, type and severity of injury, migrant status and neurological deficits were not determinant factors for recovery from injury related low back pain. The compensation (particularly lump sum claims), psychological disturbances at review, time off work, and age at injury were important factors in recovery. Greenough CG (1993) Recovery from low back pain. 1-5 year follow-up of 287 injury-related cases. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 254:1-34 .

⁴⁹ Waddell G, McCulloch JA, Kummel E, Venner RM (1980) Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine. 5:117-125.

⁵⁰Oswestry disability index: patients are asked to fill in a questionnaire on various aspect of their back pain and the resulting disability as they appreciate themselves (subjective); there are ten questions with six choices (score 0-6 to represent increasing disability) for each. This is a valuable and reproducible method of numerical quantification of subjective disability (see Appendix 11).