Page Title

³⁷Koval KJ Gallagher MA Marsicano JG Cuomo F McShinawy S Zuckerman JD (1997) Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 79A. 203-207 104 minimally displaced fractures all united. 90% of patients were pain free 77% had a good/excellent outcome and 46% full function. 10% had a poor outcome and 2% severe pain.

³⁸See Young T. footnoted above and also: Robinson CM Christie J (1993) Injury 123-125 Treatment of 45 patients with displaced 2 segment fractures resulted in 59% good/excellent results, but only 31% if plate and screw fixation was used in older patients.

³⁹Szyszkowitz R Seggl W Schleifer P Cundy PJ (1993) Clinical Orthopaedics 292. 13-25. After 2 part fracture 65%, after 3 part 57% and after 4 part fracture 22% of patients had a good/excellent outcome with surgery.

⁴⁰See Szyszkowitz R. footnoted above and also: Hawkins RJ Gurr K Bell RH (1993) Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. AAOS. Orthopaedic transactions p.467. After 3 part fracture treated by surgery or non-operatively treatment 26/30 patients had a good/excellent outcome.

⁴¹Esser RD (1994) Of 36 patients average age 55 years treated surgically 13/17 with a 3 part fracture and all patients with a 4 part fracture had a good/excellent outcome. No humeral head necrosed within the average 6 year (minimum 1 year) follow up period.

⁴²see Szyszkowitz R.; and Esser R.D.; footnoted above and also Stableforth PG (1984) footnoted below.

⁴³See Szyszkowitz R. footnoted above and Stableforth PG (1984) footnoted below.

⁴⁴See Szyszkowitz R. footnoted above and also: Stableforth PG (1984) Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 66B 104-108. After 4 part fracture 5% of patients had vascular and 6.1% brachial plexus injury. After non-operative treatment 50% were fully independent with a strong shoulder and 20% pain free and 12.5% developed humeral head necrosis. After surgery 88% were fully independent and 69% pain free.