whiplashinfo.co.uk | back injuries

Three joint complex; facet joints; ligaments; a motion segment; the function spinal unit (FSU); junctional areas of the spine; the thoraco-lumbar junction [T12/L1]; the rib cage; facet joint orientation; the lumbo-sacral junction [L5/S1]; intervertebral discs; the load on intervertebral discs; visco-elastic properties of intervertebral discs; effects of load on the disc; short duration – high level load; long duration – low magnitude repeated load; intradiscal pressure study.

58 Epidemiology of soft tissue injuries of the back after RTAs

The Department of Health and Social Security Research Report 13 (1985); Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) Research Report 59 (1986); Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) Research Report 136 (1988).

59 Mechanism of injury and type of injury

Whiplash terminology; whiplash injury of the back; soft tissue injuries of the back; whiplash injury of the neck and low back pain; direct impact; indirect impact; seat belt injury; chance fracture; pure ligamentous injury; facet fracture; thoraco-lumbar spine fractures; disc prolapse; late disc prolapse after acute injury; nature of impact and resulting injury pattern.

60 Pre-existing conditions

Spondylolysis & spondylolisthesis; age related disc degeneration predisposing traumatic disc prolapse.

61 Categories of injury

Bruising; ligament tears (sprains) and muscle ruptures (strains); coccygodynia; facet joint strain; fractures of spinous processes; fractures of transverse processes; disc injuries; thoracic disc injuries; lumbar disc injuries; acceleration; nerve root compression; traumatic spondylolisthesis.

62 Investigation